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Biology: Primary Sources

What is a primary source?

A primary source in the sciences is a document that describes original research. It is not an interpretation or analysis or someone else's research. It is written by the scientist who conducted the research. Key terms to look for are: methodology, results, conclusions, and references. 

Primary sources are often peer-reviewed journal articles. Click on the 'Find Articles' tab for a list of useful databases.

Examples of Primary Sources

  • A peer-reviewed journal article describing an experiment and the results
  • Dissertation/Theses
  • Patent
  • Technical Report
  • Conference Papers

Key Characteristics

The following terms are common indicators that a journal article is a primary source:

  • Abstract
  • Methodology
  • Materials
  • Results
  • Conclusions

Avoid

Avoid summaries or interpretations of research, also known as literature reviews. These are considered secondary sources because they do not present original information.